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Abstract
Enteric infections caused by Salmonella remain a major public health burden worldwide. Poultry, particularly chickens, are known to be the main reservoir for this zoonotic pathogen. Therefore, the prevention and monitoring of Salmonella infection during the live phase may greatly reduce the contamination of poultry meat during slaughter and processing. With the ban on sub-therapeutic antibiotic usage in Europe and the increasingly strictness of European legislation on food hygiene, passive immunization by oral administration of pathogen-specific hen egg yolk antibody (IgY) may be a useful and attractive alternative. This review offers summarized information about IgY production and the use of these antibodies for passive immunization, particularly in poultry.
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Abstract
To meet the OIE requirements for an FMD-free country without vaccination, the Bureau of Animal and Plant Health Inspection and Quarantine (BAPHIQ) launched a pre-test program in Peng-Hu County from March to November 2006. This program consisted of a staged withdrawal of FMD vaccine administration to pigs. The results to date have been successful; pigs in Peng-Hu County have not received the FMD vaccine sinceDecember 1, 2006. The successful pre-test program in Peng-Hu County was implemented in Taiwan and Kinmen Islands. Since April 1, 2007, a total of five stages have been implemented for the Staged Stopping Vaccinating Policy (Staged Vaccination Withdrawal/Termination/Suspension Policy) in pigs.However, in February 2009, outbreaks of FMD were reported from two pig farms located in Yun-Lin County and Chang-Hua County respectively. Taiwan became a FMD infected country again. For the prevention of FMD, BAPHIQ decided that a mandatory vaccination should be implemented in pigs greater than 12-weeks-old starting in August 2009. The effect of the vaccination program against FMDV is assessed via the detection of induced antibodies. To understand the distribution of antibodies against FMDV in pigs, a total of 25,322 sera were collected from 1396 farms between August 2009 and June 2010, and were tested using a/the serum neutralization (SN) assay. The results, which were grouped and analyzed based on months, revealed that more than 54% pig farms and 75% pigs tested negative for antibodies between August and October in 2009. However, the percentage of tests found to be negative for antibodies, for both farms and pigs, decreased considerably from November 2009. In June 2010, there were only 2% of pig farms and 26% of total pigs that showed negative results for antibodies. Furthermore, according to the extensive serum surveillance program, a total of 4,344 sera which were collected from 300 pig farms from April to July 2010, were tested by a/the SN assay. This study demonstrated that about 9% of pig farms and total pigs showed negative test results for antibodies. This demonstrated that the percentage of successful vaccination against FMDV increased as a result of government policy.
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